performative是什么意思 performative的读音、翻译、用法

Performative是一个形容词，它描述的是一种动作或语言的性质，它不仅仅是在描述发生了什么，而是指示或实现了某些事情。从四个方面详细讲解performative这个单词或缩写词的用法。

1. 语言哲学中的用法

在语言哲学领域中，performative代表的是通过一个语言动作来完成指定的任务，比如开会时的说：“会议现在开始”，这就是一个performative动作，它使整个会议开始了。在这种情况下，这个语言动作不仅是描述性的，而是具有实际的执行能力。

例句：

- By saying “I do” at the wedding, the bride and groom perform a performative act of getting married.

- By saying “I apologize,” the speaker performs a performative act of acknowledging their wrongdoings and seeking forgiveness.

2. 社会科学中的用法

在社会科学领域中，performative用来描述某些行为或实践的能力，这些行为或实践本身就是创造了现实世界。比如，通过排练音乐、唱歌、跳舞等艺术表演形式，演员们可以创建出一种特定的表演现实。

例句：

- The performative nature of political speeches can influence public opinion and shape political reality.

- The performative power of religious rituals can create a sense of community and solidarity among believers.

3. 语法学中的用法

在语法学中，performative指的是某些语言表达形式的特定规则，即表示说话人的目的或意图。这种语言表达形式通常是第一人称单数现在式互动动词，例如：promise、order、declare、bet、ask。

例句：

- By saying “I promise,” the speaker performs the performative act of a commitment.

- By saying “I declare war,” the president performs a performative act of initiating military action.

4. 文学批评中的用法

在文学批评中，performative通常涉及到作家的创作方式，评述作品的能力和社会方面的影响力。在这种情况下，performative涵盖的范围非常广泛，通常是用来描述作者的个人形象，或者是作品所表达的一种特定的观点或态度。

例句：

- In her poetry, Sylvia Plath employed a performative language that expressed her feelings of pain and despair.

- By using performative elements in his novels, Salman Rushdie created a unique literary style that blended folklore, history, and politics.

上述的例句如下：

1. By saying "I now ounce you man and wife," the minister performs a performative act of officiating a wedding ceremony.（牧师说“现在我宣布你们成为夫妻”，牧师完成了主持婚礼仪式的执行行为）

2. By saying "I apologize for my behavior," the speaker performs a performative act of acknowledging their fault and seeking forgiveness.（说“我为我的行为道歉”，演讲者完成了承认自己的过错和寻求宽恕的执行行为）

3. By saying "I bet you can't catch me," the child performs a performative act of issuing a challenge.（孩子说“我打赌你不能抓住我”，孩子完成了发出挑战的执行行为）

4. In her novel, Toni Morrison used performative language to explore the complex social dynamics of the African American experience.（托尼·莫里森在她的小说中使用表演语言来探索非裔美国经验复杂的社会变化）

5. By using symbols and metaphors, Emily Dickinson employed a performative style that conveyed her unique perspective on life and death.（艾米丽·狄金森使用符号和比喻，采用表演风格，表达了她独特的看待生死的观点 ）